What does it all mean By Nagel

What does it all mean by Nagel is often referred to as the little book of philosophy amongst critics. This is because the book gives the reader a compact overview of all the fundamental constituents of philosophy such as the dualism of the mind and the body and more complex topics such as the meaning of the existence of man and his consciousness. The attribute that differentiates Nagel’s work from other works on introductions to philosophy and its content is that Nagel uses language that welcomes the new student of philosophy in to the subject. We see this book as one that allows the layman to acquire a basic knowledge of what to expect in further studies into philosophy (Nagel, 1987). The introductory chapter allows for a gentle entrance into the world of philosophy and welcomes the reader to the nature of questions that are to follow in the study of philosophy. In â€Å"How Do We Know Anything? † the second chapter, Nagel states that the world around us is the reality because we can study it and substantiate it, and similarly all the constituents of the world and all the theories are true only if they can be studied and substantiated for their content. In the third chapter â€Å"Other Minds†, Nagel is of the opinion that if one person finds a particular external stimulus pleasant, it is not reasonable to conclude that the next person receives the stimulus with the same interest since the only way for the first person to have come to a conclusion regarding the stimulus is through experiencing it In Chapter 4, ‘The Mind-Body Problem’, Nagel presents to the reader the direct union between the mind and the human consciousness and concludes that in order for consciousness to experience an event, the brain has to receive a stimulus. In Chapter 5, Nagel talks about the perceptions of the words we use and the names we give to the elements of the world around us and if the words we use are truly of any significance or not. In Chapter 6, Nagel argues upon the free will that we exercise and whether or not our will actually is independent and if it is of any actual significance. In Chapter 7, ‘Right and Wrong’, Nagel criticizes the definitions of right and wrong that man uses to manage the day to day activities of his life and questions the legitimacy of those definitions. In Chapter 8, ‘Justice’, Nagel argues upon the justice and inequality of the universe that man dwells in that is beyond the control of man himself. He argues whether it is correct to oppose the occurrence of events of such uncontrollable nature. Chapter 9 discusses the bleakness of Death and the perception that we have for it and the question of it really being that we believe it to be. In Chapter 10, ‘The Meaning of Life, Nagel hits on a chord that is the most sought after in all segments of society. Nagel argues over the reality of the meaning, existence and expectation of life. Nagel uses his trademark method of writing that inspires inquisition in the minds of the reader and allows the reader an opportunity to get a taste of the levels of realization that the subject has to offer and does so without confusing the reader through jargon.

The Sexual Objectification of Women

The sexual objectification of women on the mass media is becoming an alarming affair. According to Faridah, et al.'s study, the uses of sex images of women in advertising by different companies who seek to promote their products are doing an injustice to women (Faridah, et al. 4). It is a challenge the in the modern democracies with regards to the objective of building an egalitarian society. It is worrying that the modern democracies would still promote women objectification. It seems that the leaders have remained so dormant and silent in pointing out the levels of discrimination exercised in the mass media in the name of advertisement (Berberick 12). Another thing is that mass media has been used as an instrument to advocate for equal rights among different genders in the society; while on the other hand, it is used to discriminate women sexually. This study is done through different means, which include social, psychological, philosophical and economic rights that examine the way sexual objectification of men infringes on their rights. In this milieu, the media should not be used to exploit women but should be used to promote their rights and the protection different people from the various levels of discrimination. Therefore, this study is important to address the issues of exploitation and discrimination perpetuated by the advertisement companies that promote various products in the market.Literature ReviewThe portrayal of women in the mass media makes them appear vulnerable to manipulation. Scholars such as Turner are worried that women are thinly represented in as actors in the existing news programs, but are instead used negatively in advertising certain products (Turner 2). They appear as young and slim in the advertising programs in the televisions as well as magazines for eye-catching purposes. The women on such advertisement platforms are explicated as instruments to inspire women to like certain products. Their main role is just to make men happy as sexual objects rather than people with value and personality. They are shown to embody every trait of beauty aimed to attract men in like those products. The society is tailored in a way that women are only perceived to look good to impress men, not for their own good. The products are advertised and made to imply that when used, the skin becomes flawless and beautiful that can be admired by men. It is a very unfortunate affair that should be discouraged by all means in the contemporary society for a sustainable greater posterity.Another thing to point out is that the decision to place anything in the media program is influenced by the current state of cultural and social values. In different societies, such values are greatly based on gender. Females in that respect are considered weak and lesser beings to their male counterparts. Through cultural and social norms, women's rights have been violated, and that is why the same spirit spirals to the media advertisements, which portrays women as objects, not humans with values and images to protect. Punyanunt-Carter did a study on the African-American portrayals on the televisions and confirms that this group of people is more objectified in the American televisions (Punyanunt-Carter 245). Faridah, et al. on the other hand states that the movies produced around the periods of the fifties portrayed women as perfect objects of domesticity, while in the contemporary world, women are portrayed as sexual objects that make men happy and satisfy their sexual desires (Faridah et al. 7). The most important question to answer is why women must just be implicated negatively and vulnerable. Even if at times they are portrayed as professionals at times when out of their offices, they are given a negative image. They are only seen as those that can only be teased, admired, played upon and desired by men. In her study on women images in Polish and Malaysian print media, her findings pointed out that even if done in done in different cultures, the study about women portrayal has some profound similarities and commonalities in the findings.The regrettable thing addressed by the experts involved in the subject of women discrimination in the social media is that despite the efforts to establish a gender sensitive society where people are treated equally, there are still rampant cases of discrimination against women in various fronts. Faridah et al. is worried about the same, more so the words used to describe women when portrayed in the social media (Faridah et al. 5). She says that when the media decided to focus on women in the public space during the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, the terms used were very unpleasant. In fact, she considers the words like ‘burning bras', ‘hardcore feminists', and ‘nude women running around the streets of Huarious' among others to be devilish and uncalled for in the contemporary society. This is a weighty proof that the society still remains negative about women and only considers them objects of sexuality that cannot stand for anything good. Even if they try to do something significant, they are only seen to be irrelevant.MethodologyThe study relies greatly on the existing pieces of literature to paint the image of women portrayal in the televisions. It is part of the wider study of women and children's representation in the contemporary media, which include unprinted and printed media. It is generally a qualitative study that relies on the literature about women negative portrayal on the televisions in the United States of America, which is used as a case study to represent some of the discriminations against women that are undertaken silently i n the social media. The ideas by Faridah et al. and Punyanunt-Carter are significant since they explore different findings that have common issues worth addressing in women discrimination in the social media. The scholars are credible in their studies as they explore different pieces of information from different scholars to justify their arguments. They use longitudinal approach to expose the various stereotypical ways in which women are disregarded in the society. I chose the sources since they provide a thrust of the investigation, which is thought-provoking to the readers who are carried with their findings to be part of the fight against women discrimination in the social media.PositionalityI do this study with an aim of addressing some of the injustices done on women in social media. The negative portrayal of women in different fronts like television, magazines, and internet makes them feel less valued in the society. It appears that the society is only happy when they are used. They are seen to best fit as objects to make men happy and satisfy their sexual needs. Sexual objectification lowers their self-esteem. The awful thing is that women from other cultures are more objectified than others are. Women from African-American communities are more portrayed negatively than those from other cultures. This means that social media are only used by the society to promote the cultural negativity about women, something that seems to be more embedded in people. This implies that there is a serious need for attitudinal change to ensure that that mindset is alleviated. Women deserve recognition and respect just as their male counterparts are. They should not be seen as second-class citizens but should be regarded with an utmost value they deserve.Studies show that the spirit of discrimination against women stems from the tradition that only regarded men to manage media. Women are meagerly represented in the employment positions. Faridah et al. states that only 33.3% of women are in full-time employment among the 59 countries they surveyed (Faridah et al. 3). It implies that women do not equal men when it comes to job competition and other important positions in the society. Another unfortunate thing is that different studies have been done on the subject of women discrimination in the social media, but nothing much has changed. It means that various experts need to be more vigorous in addressing the problem of women discrimination in the social media. The revolutionary change in technology has made it easy to sexually objectify women, something that needs to be addressed with sufficient attention to change negative attitude that makes it easy to discriminate women in the social media and other areas. The numbers of women that appear in the social media as main actors are few, but those that are shown on the negative side of the shows are many. Even though men are also objectified, their number is smaller. It means that there is much to be done to deal with the issue of women discrimination. It is also apparent from the study that women are highly discriminated in the social media. The negative portrayal of women on television is fueled by the social and cultural norms that consider men to be superior beings to their female counterparts. They are seen to best fit to make men happy by serving their sexual desire. This mindset does not believe that women can look good for their own sake, but that they do so to attract men. As a result, it is ostensible that it is a negative mindset, which kills women's self-esteem, significance and values, as opposed to men who are seen to be important and worth the best in the society. It remains a serious matter that should not be allowed to thrive in the contemporary society.ConclusionThis study confirms that it is utterly bad to continue the negative portrayal of women in the social media, more so in the contemporary world. As pointed out herein, the portrayal of women in the social media has been marred by a lot of discrimination. For instance, during the fifties, women were pictured as perfect objects of domesticity. Today, they are portrayed as sexual objects that can only be used to make men happy and satisfy their sexual desires. As a result, they are seen to be significant and less valued in the society apart from being there to make men happy. The most regrettable thing is that besides the numerous studies than on the same area, the discrimination against women still thrives. This means that social and cultural norms that disregard women should be attacked and changed. The best way to attack such norms is attitudinal change communication, which would make the society to see life more differently. Instead of being viewed as objects to make men happy, they should be seen as entities that should be incorporated in different avenues to help the society to grow.

Education of Women and Girls Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education of Women and Girls - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  80 percent of out-of-school girls in Yemen and 62 percent in Pakistan are unlikely even to enter school, compared with 36 percent of boys in Yemen and 27 percent in Pakistan. The situation is the most dramatic in sub-Saharan Africa, where 12 million girls are unlikely to enroll. In 2007, eighteen sub-Saharan countries had the gender parity index (GPI) of less than 0,90, which meant that they had not achieved the goal of gender parity in primary schooling, set by UNESCO for 2005.  This paper discusses that  there is a strong inverse relation between gender parity and school enrolment; in poor countries with a low enrolment ratio there is usually a large disparity between boys and girls out-of-school. Thus, several developing countries have included strategies to reach gender parity as part of their wider policies aimed to provide all children with universal primary education. The policy measures introduced in Yemen to increase the gender par ity index contributed significantly to the increase in enrolment from 2.3 million in 1999 to 3.2 million in 2005. The interventions targeted at out-of-school girls, such as providing girls in grades 1 to 6 with free textbooks and employing more female teachers in rural areas, enabled many girls to enroll, which lead to an increased number of all school children. Due to security concerns and household labor demands, few parents decide to enroll their daughters in schools far away from home.

Popularity of Collegiate Women in Rugby in America Research Paper

Popularity of Collegiate Women in Rugby in America - Research Paper Example Stereotypically, women are expected to cheer lead or at the most play individual sport such as swimming or running track. Most people feel that women-designated sports are figure skating, tennis, and gymnastics. In the early years, sports for women were considered to be recreational rather that competitive considering that hey were informal and without any rules. A research done Griffin has showed the existence of sex role stereotypes. According to the research conducted on four children (two boys and two girls of different ages), there were variation in physical, sociological and psychological characteristics between the sexes. The research showed that the traits that are usually associated with male behavior are desired by both males and females. Griffins insisted in his research that just as there are behavioral traits associated with males and females, there are also activities classified as meant for females or male. One activity that is commonly associated with men is sports. Although females participate in athletics, their efforts are often rewarded with only a few positive results (Griffins, 513). In the article Sex in Education, A Fair Chance for Girls, Dr. Clark stated that women should reduce muscular and brain labor when they are on menstruation (Clarke, 100). Many women became interested in sports to remain physically fit and healthy.   Other females play sports to define their value and satisfy their ego.   There are also those who use sports as a means of liberation.   Women receive psychological satisfaction from staying physically fit, being a part of a team, and competing. It is not surprising that the intense the sport, the more satisfaction women receive. These women began to resist the notion of the weakness of the female body (Field). Women in sports are often misrepresented as being masculine, and may struggle with gender identities in acting out both feminine and masculine roles. Scholars have determined

Is democracy necessary to bring development Discuss with examples Essay

Is democracy necessary to bring development Discuss with examples - Essay Example The meaning of development has evolved over time and so have the development paradigms and approaches. Development has been defined much more broadly to include the question of the quality of life of people. Seers had argued that in evaluating a country’s progress towards development, we should ask what has been happening to poverty, inequality and the general quality of life of the people. Development is also about the respect for human rights and the creation of equitable and inclusive systems of governance (Lipset, Seong and Torres, 1993 pp.156). Most people believe that democracy is a valuable component in enhancing the process of development. However, there has been a negative relationship between democracies in improving development, but it is not clear whether it can hinder any economic growth. Democracy can be viewed in three aspects, one relates to issues relating to civil, and political rights which citizens of a country enjoy, secondly it may relate to issues of dai ly accountability and administration. Thirdly, it relates to periodic exercises during election of representatives. The strengths of the three aspects vary in different countries or states. Development can be viewed as improvement of economic growth within a country resulting to improved sectors like education, infrastructure and agriculture. Different empirical studies have shown positive and negative views on democracy as necessary components to development (Horowitz, 1990 pp.75). Emergence of democracy and development The fact that developed and richest countries like UK, US and Netherlands are democratic forced the debate and expectations that democracy and development will entirely co exist in the same space, and there is a causal link of relationship between them. A number of Sub-Saharan African countries did embrace multi-party rule (democracies) in the years 1990s after a decade of single party rule and dictatorship. This led to a renewed optimism and increased poverty level s, corruption, coups and conflicts, the governance system was unable to provide any development, peace, security or even fight for human rights. However, after two decades of such type of governance countries have recorded progress by creation of democratic institutional infrastructures and there is improved security, peace and consideration of human rights leading to economic growth. Nevertheless, despite the improved democratic process and systems a number of analysts and parties have argued that there is some link between democracy and development because these countries still have high poverty levels and are less developed Sub- Saharan Africa has the highest incident of poverty than the rest of the world (Lipset, Seong and Torres, 1993 pp.156). Democracy and Development It is not clear whether this matter will ever be resolved or how soon this will be particularly because evidence is mixed and almost contradictory. It may not be easy to prove causality in this case but a relatio nship between the two does exist. It is obvious that development cannot take place under conditions of instability, war, or even major conflict. It is also a fact that democracy is the only system known today which can generate conditions of peace and security and sustain them. Democratic regimes are more likely to come up with policies that are reflective of the will of the people. These policies provide the environment and context for development to

2-way mixed ANOVA Schizotypy practical report protocol Essay

2-way mixed ANOVA Schizotypy practical report protocol - Essay Example These findings were consistent with the theories put forth that a diagnosis of schizophrenia is made by a high score on deviating from normal emotional indications, as well as the theories that schizophrenics tend to have cognitive deficits with regards to context processing, and not as many cognitive deficits with regards to spatial processing. Schizophrenia is an illness that is characterized by a number of neurocognitive impairments, including impairments in attention, executive functioning, and verbal and non-verbal memory. (Gooding & Braun 261). Failure in logical reasoning is also a hallmark of schizophrenia (Tsanikos 1717), as is emotional disturbance (Yoon et al. 2008). Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is often associated with schizophrenia, and some theories state that schizophrenia and SPD share the same genetic liability, with environmental stressors being a leading cause of SPD turning into schizophrenia. (Olin et al. 93). Research has shown that schizophrenics tend to perform poorly on tasks that involve sustained attention. (Rawlings & Goldberg 2001) (Hoff & Kremen 2003). This would affect the participants, as the spatial reasoning portion of the study was timed, therefore it would be predicted that the higher on the schizotypal scale the participant is, the lower he or she would score on the spatial reasoning scale. Research has also established a positive correlation between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder and emotional disturbance. (Yoon et al. 2008). Yoons study of participants who scored high on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) found a positive correlation for depression, anxiety and anger, and a negative correlation for mood clarity and mood repair. (Yoon et al. 2008). This is backed up by other research. For instance, Kohler (2003) has shown that schizophrenics have difficulty reading facial

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Questions - Assignment Example Secondly, many of the practices of Ancient Egypt still exists in various forms in African societies. And although most of these practices have systematically disappeared over the past 500 years due to Islamic and Christian influences, most African tribes continue to pay homage to the dead and some even worship ancestors. This is the exact traditions that were held sacred in Ancient Egypt. This is because the Egyptians saw their leaders as a link between the contemporary society and the supernatural world. Hence, there was a lot of attention that was given to the leaders of the community. The beliefs in the Afterlife led to the creation of pyramids which exist to this day as a way of keeping the Pharaohs eternally alive. Although Africans moved from these regions many years ago, they still have traditions like preserving the dead, having very elaborate funerals and the beliefs in spiritual systems and structures similar to what existed in Ancient Egypt. The culture and political struc tures of Africa continue to show resemblance with what existed in Egypt. Paleontology primarily shows evidence of changes in weather and other natural conditions that explains the need for Africans to move in various directions from the Nile Valley. Global warming and other challenges like war caused Africans to move in other directions. Then the desertification of the mid-section of Africa led to the creation of what is now the world’s largest desert. This caused Africans to move further south. And when the Sahara was fully formed, most Africans could not move to North Africa to link up to mainstream activities and technologies. Therefore, they moved in small scattered communities that were in the interior of West Africa and East Africa. Other conditions caused Africans to move further down south to places like the coast of West Africa, Central Africa and Southern Africa. After the decline of Classical Egypt, persons

Women's Equality in Pay Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women's Equality in Pay - Term Paper Example Within 10 years following that decision, equal rights were extended to individuals of all races and America changed for the better. However, more than a century after Brown v. Board of Education, the United States is still dealing with the effects of discriminatory practices, particularly in the world place. Equal Opportunity Employment legislation has paved the way for minorities to take up occupations that were, for centuries, closed off. Payments still exist in these positions, especially for women, who are still paid only 77 cents for every dollar that a man in the same position receives (Campbell, 1972). Scientists, commentators, and economists are quick to offer a rationalization for this phenomenon; nevertheless, it is a discrimination that Americans have ignored for many years. Although the pay gap is slowly lessening, progress has been slow, even with federal legislation mandating equal pay regardless of gender. The early 20th century was a time of great strides for women, a s they gained the right to suffrage, gained the right to serve in the military, and overcame the oppressive clothing norms of the past centuries. In addition, that time saw great increases in the number of women going to work. During World War II, women were called on to fill the domestic roles of men outside of the home in order to maintain a working economy. This time was instrumental in creating a strong representation of women in the American workforce. A vast number of women are employed in order to support their family, which is a strong change from the two-parent, father-working model of mid-20th century America (Campbell, 1972). Today, the primary breadwinner is not a man but a woman and a man, depending on the structure of a particular family. In order to address inequity in the pay of women versus men, the United States Congress passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which abolished and changed portions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The intent of the legislation was to elimi nate wage discrimination based on sex. The political context of this new law was President’s John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier, which sought to establish a broad base of social programs in order to help Americans succeed and reach new heights. Congress acknowledged this view by denouncing pay discrimination as a burden on America’s economic resources and a practice that promotes unequal competition in the marketplace (Campbell, 1972). Indeed, the legislation helped decrease the wage disparity by nearly 20 cents per dollar. Nevertheless, the goals of the Equal Pay Act seem to have been too ambitious, reflected in the fact that the wage disparity has not been completely erased. The EPA does give women recourse in challenging the wages they are paid relative to men in court; if an employee can prove that wage discrimination has occurred, they can seek damages. To resolve the remaining wage gap that exists, politicians attempted to pass the Paycheck Fairness Act in 201 0. However, the bill failed when it reached the Senate. The PFA would have allowed employees to be able to disclose their wages to coworkers and required employers to justify wage differences in terms of business requirements. Although this legislation might have helped women access this information in a fair, open process and request the pay that they deserve based on the work they do, the legislation did not pass by a vote of 58 to 41. Conservative groups opposed the measure on the basis that it would cause â€Å"government micromanaging of business† and that civil courts would be overburdened with trials based on PFA regulations (Sherk, 2010). It is possible that the Paycheck Fair

Ipads in schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ipads in schools - Research Paper Example cation is not a bad idea but important because it combines the technology to proper understanding of advanced software tools that gives perfect content and instruction. The Ipads are expensive to purchase and maintain since their breakage rates are high mostly rate at 10% per year and their value depreciates heavy. Most of the students using the devices are not well trained in using them and it is expensive employing information technology staff in schools. Pushing ipads into schools without clear plans leave the teachers jagged about the technology. In the olden days, computers in education were received with great joy but most teachers and the students have been discouraged because of failure in delivery. The use of Ipads in the classroom has increased the rate of laziness by most students because they want to do things in the easier way by application of technology. Most students do not accomplish their assignments in time because of engaging in the online social networking sites spending most of their time chatting. Some students spend most of their time watching bad material online such as spending time on pornographic sites wasting their precious study time. Because of the advanced technology most students take advantage to use Ipads to commit malpractices during the examination time. Some teachers also develop laziness and do not deliver well in class lecturers. They force the student to do intensive research online for the study materials that is quite tiresome and messy showing neglect of duty. Ipads technology in the classroom can be a powerful tool for learning and comprehension. It provides a good experience for the elementary school student engaged in their application. Ipads have some great advantages in classrooms since it help most of the parent in saving the much they spend in purchasing books. Lecturers and parents should not worry about replacing lost and damaged books. Ipads keep the attention of students to technology and sometime increase

Yasukuni Shrine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Yasukuni Shrine - Research Paper Example Since 1970s these visits have sparked controversy and for many to see respect being paid to Class A war criminals of World War 2 is being considered very offensive to the nations that face the aggression of the Imperial Japan. With Japan’s former Prime Minister Koizumi visiting the shrine, this controversy has been given new life and limelight (Okuyama 2009) The Yasukani Shrine is one of the most controversial shrines in the world. It is a Shinto Shrine that is situated in the Chiyoda district in the capital of Japan, Tokyo. The reason for its controversy is that this shrine was built as a dedication to all the Japanese Soldiers who died fighting in World War 2 on the orders of the Emperor of Japan (Yasukuni Shrine 2008). The Symbolic Registry of Divinities has listed about 2460000 men and women who died for the Imperial Japan. The souls that are enshrined here include all of those who have served the interest of the Imperial Japan since the year 1983. This will include the na tional crisis like the Boshin War, Seinan war and also wars with other countries like Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars. The most controversial aspect of this shrine is that it also has the souls of soldiers who were killed during the active duty during the World Wars (Yasukuni Shrine 2008).... This location was chosen by Meiji Emporer. It was first established to help commemorate the men and women who had died in the Boshin War that resulted in the power restoration of the Meiji. The shrine is among the many that were built under the government sanction Shinto program throughout Japan. Since 1879 the shrine has been named as the Yasukuni Jinja (Ponsonby-Fane 1963; Yasukuni Shrine 2008). It has now become the principal shrine to commemorate the dead who have sacrificed their lives for Japan and its interest. When World War 2 ended, the United States and the Occupation Authorities issued what is now called the Shinto Directive. This directive ensured that the state and the religion was separated in Japan. This obviously had an impact on the Yasukuni Shrine. It was pressurized that either the shrine be declared a religious institution that will not be dependent on the Government or it can itself become a secular government institution. It was then decided by the general masse s that the shine will become a private institution that will be privately funded. Since the year 1946 the shrine has been operating privately (Tetsuya 2008). There is no person buried in the Shrine. This is of the essence as only the souls are enshrined here. There are no ashes, graves or bones of any soldiers here. The priests here only perform purification traditions for the souls of the dead. So the issue arose from the fact that there are many souls enshrined here that are considered to be World War 2 criminals. This enshrinement started in 1959 by the enshrining of 1068 souls that were either Class B or Class C criminals and were declared so before their execution by the tribunals of the Allied Forces. Then in 1978 the kami of fourteen soldiers was

Organizational Behavior Trends Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Trends Essay Organizational Behavior is the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. Organizational Culture is the basic pattern of common assumptions, values, and beliefs leading the way employees within an organization think about and act on problems and opportunities. Organizational Trends are patterns of change over time in some variable of interest. In this paper we will evaluate two trends in organizational behavior. The influence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technology on work-related stress will be examined. Organizational Behavior Trends There are several trends in Organizational Behavior. One trend is globalization, which requires corporate decision makers to be more sensitive to cultural differences as they venture towards a wider variety of employees and clients. Another trend in organizations is the increasingly diverse workforce. Diversity potentially improves decision-making, team performance, and customer service, but it also presents new challenges for the company. The values and ethics of the employees, enable organizations to apply certain principles in a global environment, and are under pressure to abide by the ethical values and higher standards of corporate social responsibility. Ethics on Decision-making Ethics on decision-making is difficult, it is critical for leaders to develop a code of ethics and establish disciplinary actions and procedures for ethical violators. Most importantly, leaders should also develop a process in which employees are rewarded and publicly recognized for having positive ethical behaviors. It is also important to have employee involvement when trying to identify ethical issues. When it comes to the ethics of decision making, the criteria individuals use to define problems and the values that underlie these criteria must be considered. Moral conduct is involved in choosing problems, deciding who should be involved, estimating the impacts of alternatives, and selecting an alternative for implementation. Moral conduct does not arise from after-the-fact embarrassment. (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005). Overall, ethical decision making, is learning about ethical dilemmas in business and examining the process for identifying common influences in the decision-making process. Once the trends are found, leaders and subordinates must demonstrate and understand how to make an ethical decision in which all possible solutions are attempted equally and without any judgment. Impact of Technology on Work-Related Stress Work-related stress can be defined as a pattern of emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physiological reactions to adverse and noxious aspects of work content, work organization and work environment. It is a state characterized by high levels of arousal and distress and often by feelings of not coping. (www. eiro. eurofound) Work-related stress is a serious issue at many companies. People should be aware of their stress levels and communicate stressful situations to their employer before stress develops into a problem. For this to happen, employers need to ensure that the organizational culture is one in which employees can openly and comfortably talk about work-related stress without any repercussion. There are many components that make up stress. With the world of technology racing news and information around the world as quick as we can blink, many more organizations are becoming sophisticated in applying information technologies. Nobel Laureate and decision scientist Herbert Simon is convinced that computers will someday be more intelligent than humans. Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005) How does that make you feel knowing that one-day a computer could replace your job? There are always two sides to any debate; the one on stress is no exception. Is being stressed a sign of weakness within your job indicating that you can no longer handle it or is being stressed a sign of an effective working behavior of getting the job done? There are many employers that want to support their staff to the hig hest level that can be offered but resources and effective training is sometimes limited. As a result, many employees are stressed. The use of technology is needed in all businesses and with this advanced technology some organizations rely heavily it. I know that with the computer system we have at our organization it makes it much easier and less stressful for us. Maybe someone who is not proficient with computers would become stressful to the new system, but for the most part I think technology has a positive impact on work-related stress. Conclusion In conclusion, the influence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technologies on work-related stress are only two components of many in organizational behavior. With so many changes to how one must work and the many difficult decisions that have to be made according to your organizations ethics only. I personally think that as companies evolve, the employees must chose to either evolve with it or take another course of action to make life stress-free.

Hebrew Wisdom on Diligence and Laziness Essay Example for Free

Hebrew Wisdom on Diligence and Laziness Essay Part I 1) I chose the Islam worldview i)The Question of Origin Islams believe that man came into being through a long process of evolution. They believe the evolutionary process which produced man in its form today took millions of years, and man evolved from lower forms of animal life. In their belief,it was only small types of animals in the beginning, and in the course of time animals got larger and eventually one of these animals developed into man. This animal is believed to have become extinct, but is believed to have been represented by the monkey. The basis of argument is certain kind of monkeys have a strong resemblance to man. ii)The Question of Identity—Islamic identity is an upmost possession. It is your faith, religion, moral values, and your whole life. This identity is the one that makes you wake up before sunrise to pray to Allah. This identity makes you kind, sincere, responsible, and thoughtful when you deal with people. It also forbids you to steal, gamble, participate or engage in implicit behavior. This identity makes you realize and understand that Islam is a way of life in other words this identity makes you a good human being. iii)The Question of Meaning/PurposeAllah states in the Quran, that he created man to be his Khalefah (confident ,attractive handsome, man),and to regulate humans; the Quaran is the constitution revealed by Allah, the name of Islam’s God. Very simple, the purpose for man’s creation is to worship the creator, Quaran 51:56-58.Allah states that he made this life in order to test man so that every person may be recompensed after death for what he has earned. iiii)The Question of Morality-A person becomes a Muslim by believing there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, and saying the Shahadah (Declaration of Faith)with sincere conviction. Muslims are believers of the Islam worldview. They believe this present life is a trial in preparation for the next realm of existence. They also believe the world was created by man. iiiii)The Question of Destiny-Islam teaches that destiny is written by one’s personal hands, and then handed over to God for judgement. They believe the good and evil are in Allah’s responsibility, but if you accomplish good things in life you attain heaven and if you do bad things you will attain hell; this also means that Allah is the knower and creator of all things, and nothing exist outside of his will and decree according to the Islam worlview. Part II i)The Question of Origin—The Islamic worldview, and the Biblical worldview has no comparison, or similarity in the origin of man. Genesis 2:7, clearly states that God created man from the dust of the earth, blew into the nostrils of man, and man became a living soul. Man was also created in God’s image, Genesis 1:27. This destroys the theory of evolution; man was not developed from an animal, assumably some type monkey. ii)The Question of Identity—According to the Biblical worldview, God gave man dominion over the animals on earth in Genesis 1:26.We, not only were created in God’s image which is a very distinctive quality, but with the authority to rule. There are some similarities with the man in Islam worldview, such as being distinguished in character and morals. Although; God views are different from man’s, there are standards, and character that Christians should live up to, just as the muslims do in the Islamic faith. Christians should not be ashamed of the gospel of Jesus Christ, and be willing to tell others of Jesus and even willing to die for the gospel: the same with muslims, they are bold in their belief, and they are persistant and steadfast in their way of life. iii)The Question of Meaning/Purpose—‘For god so loved the world, he gave his only begotten son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. ’John 3:16.God came to give us life, eternal life with him. As Christians, we are made to worship God. Allah states that he made this life to test man for their recompensation after death. God doesn’t test or tempt us with evil, he gave us his son to help us overcome evil by believing in Jesus. The Islamics must control their own desires to do good or evil; the biblical worldview has Jesus to help us overcome. After death, hell is the payment for a person who chooses to live an evil life, and the similarities are the same in both worldviews. iiii)The Question of Morality—Genesis 1:31 tells us that everything God made was good. Muslims, recite with conviction the shahadah, and the change transpires in their life of belief. A Christian, too, with conviction repents of their sin, confesses Jesus as their lord, and in the belief, one is a new creature iiiii)The Question of Destiny-Destiny is something that Christians, and Islams have in common. One day life will come to an end. According to Allah, nothing is out side his will, and no one is forced to obey Allah, because he has a freewill. There are minor similarities, such as :nothing is done without God’s will, no one is forced to obey God, and we are free moral agents, BUT one day every knee shall bow and every tongue shall confess that Jesus Christ is Lord.

Supply elasticity theory applied to tourism and hospitality

Supply elasticity theory applied to tourism and hospitality Introduction The hospitality industry is major service sector in the world economy. The industry encompasses an extensive variety of service industries that include food service, tourism and hotels. The hospitality industry is a 3.5 trillion Pound service sector within the global economy. London has been named the 2012 for International Games.There are a multitude of benefits for London hosting the Olympics, biggest of them is Hotel revenue in terms of Revenue, which means Demand for Hotels are already forecasted. The demand for the hotels in any market is determined basically by the amount of travellers inflow in that place. This study may examine the relationship between the Supply and the factors affecting the hospitality sector using some of the theories adapted from Mr. Don Burton notes. Reference: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com SUPPLY CONNOTE The term Supply states the total amount of the product that producers are willing and able to provide at a particular price over a given period of time. Here willingness is the keyword and this is determined using various analytical factors in ones mind. The hotel business faces the complexity in the commission of managing the chronological demand for its products put on show for the rest of the world. Also the supply of rooms has outpaced the demand over the last decade. Especially in the United Kingdom, since it is the worlds first industrialised country and stands sixth in the world economy with the power of purchasing parity has to follow some theories in order to sustain healthy in their competitive environment And as per the fact in 2012 the hotels in UK needs to offer 1 million rooms, the demand in the near future is high. The hotels have two basic means of achieving sustainable competitive advantage within their product market by focussing on low price and to meet the demand the Customers. Reference: http://ezinearticles.com/?cat=Business:International-Business SUPPOSITION OF SUPPLY The regulations of supply declares that, The Law of Supply claims that when other things are equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises IMPINGE ON SUPPLY Supply agenda shows the Law of Supply states that as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good rises, and as the price of a good falls, the quantity supplied of the good falls, ceteris paribus. Simply put, the price of hotel supplies increases the supply to the hotel also increases, when price of Hotel Supplies falls then the supply to the Hotel is also reduced. This is done because the Supplier has invested his opportunity cost in other sources. The Graph illustrates when demand for Hotel room is high the quantity supplied of Hotel Supplies are also high when compared to 2010. Source: http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Articles.aspx FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY There are various factors that may affect the Supply of the hotels either undeviating or deviating. These are some notable direct factors such prices of relevant resources, technology, prices of other goods, number of sellers, expectations of future price, taxes and subsidies, and government restrictions.. This is bulleted below in detail, Prices of relevant resources Technology Prices of other goods Number of sellers Expectations of future price Taxes and subsidies Government restrictions Source Roger. A Arnold, Economics, 4th Edition, Page No.72 FACTORS WHICH CAUSES CHANGE IN SUPPLY PRICES OF RELEVANT RESOURCES Resources are needed to produce goods. For example, Source is Steak when the price of Steak gone down, then the hotel will purchase and stock more of steak to sell more steaks in hotels which increases the supply of Steak. In that case Supply Curve will move towards rightward. If there is no resource, that is less steak available thus creating less supply of rooms. Consequently, the preparation of steak will decrease, and the supply curve will shift leftward. TECHNOLOGY Most of the western countries have their usage of advanced technology to serve the hotel companies better. The development and in place highly integrated business processes technologies and system are definite. The hotels states the objective in promoting the hotel interface technologies such as property management system, point of sales system, video on demand security and access control which improves Hotel supplies efficiently and effectively. Therefore, the supply curve will shift to the right. PRICES OF OTHER GOODS When change in the price of one good can lead to a change in the supply of another good For example the Lobster price increases dues to worst climatic conditions making lobster unavailable in market then supply of Fish Increases. Lobster Fish Price Case- 1 Case -2 Quantity NUMBER OF SELLERS If more sellers begin producing a particular good, perhaps because of high profits, the supply curve will shift rightward. If some sellers stop producing a particular good, perhaps because of losses, the supply curve will shift leftward. EXPECTATIONS OF FUTURE PRICE If the price of a good is expected to be higher in the future, then producers may hold back some of the Hotel essential supplies today. Then they will have more to sell at the higher future price.. TAXES AND SUBSIDIES Some taxes increase per-unit costs. Suppose tax on Liqour is increased and producer is suppose to pay 2 pounds per Bottle. This tax leads to a leftward shift in the supply curve, indicating that the manufacturer wants to produce and offer to sell few of Liqour at each price. If the tax is eliminated, the supply curve shifts rightward. Subsidies have the opposite effect. Suppose the government subsidizes the production of Rice by paying wheat farmers 3 pounds for every bushel of wheat they produce. Because of the subsidy, the quantity supplied of rice is greater at each price, and the supply curve of Rice shifts rightward. Removal of the subsidy shifts the supply curve of corn leftward. Government Restrictions The government restrictions affects import of hotel supplies for international market, For example stricter Import duties implies adverse affect on hotel essentials thus giving less Output, the supply to the guest will be restricted with available foods. In this case the Supply curve moves towards left. Reference: Roger A Arnold, Economics, 2008 edition, P.No-71 PART B Price elasticity of supply When price changes, there will be not only a change in the quantity demanded, but also a change in the quantity supplied. Frequently we will want to know just how responsive quantity supplied is to a change in price. The measure we use is the price elasticity of supply.( PeS ) In simple terms the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price. is called Price Elasticity of Supply. When it relates to hotel industry the responsiveness of Hotel supplier to a change in price of the product. The supply to hotel supplies in market will depends on change in price of hotel supplies in market or price offered by the Competitors. supplies Hotel Quantity Demanded The figure shows two supply curves. Curve S 2 is more elastic between any two prices than curve S 1. Thus, when price of Hotel Supplies rises from P 1 to P 2 there is a larger increase in quantity supplied of Hotel Supplies with S 2 (namely, Q 1 to Q 3 ) than there is with S 1 (namely, Q 1 to Q 2 ). For any shift in the demand curve there will be a larger change in quantity supplied of Hotel Supplies and a smaller change in price of Hotel Supplies with curve S 2 than with curve S 1. Thus the effect on price and quantity of a shift in the demand curve will depend on the price elasticity of supply. Reference : Roger. A Arnold, Economics, 2008 Edition, Page No.57 Source : http://economics.about.com INTERPRETATION OF SUPPLY CURVE Source : A. M. Shella , Economies of Hotel management , 2002 edition, P- No.91 KEY CONCEPTS IN DETERMINING THE PES WITH HOTEL SUPPLIES ARE FACTORS AFFECTING PES Spare production capacity When there is plenty of spare capacity  then the business will increase its output and therefore the Hotel Supplies supply will Elastic in response to Demand. Stocks of finished products and components If the stocks are products are high in the market supply will be elastic. Conversely when Hotel Supplies stocks are low, supply will be inelastic in response to a change in demand. The ease and cost of factor substitution If both capital and labour resources are  occupationally mobile  then the elasticity of supply for a Hotel Supplies is higher than if capital and labour cannot easily and quickly be switched 4) Time period involved in the production process Supply is more price elastic the longer the  time period  that a firm is allowed to adjust its production levels. The  momentary supply  is fixed and is determined mainly by planting decisions made months before, and also climatic conditions, which affect the overall production yield. Source: http://www.amosweb.com FACTORS DETERMINING PES Two factors that affect the numerical value of the price elasticity of supply are The Amount that costs rises as output Rises and time period of analysis. 1) The Amount that costs rises as output Rises When the Additional cost for producing additional output, this encourages more firms to produce for a given price which is raised, then more elastic will be supply. The lees the conditions apply, the less Elastic will supply be. 2) Analysis of Time Period when time period is longer then the time for analysis is more, responsiveness to the price change. Longer times enables the supplier to find alternatives. Time period are of two Long Run and Short Run. For example, the supply of the Ethnic Restaurants is not very elastic for a period, because Raw material used in production cannot easily switch to other goods. However, given enough time, a year or more, resources can move between productions, resulting in a more elastic supply. Reference: John Sloman Alison Wride, Economics, 7th Edition, Page 58. Conclusion Subsequent to the above text consisting of the Supply theories and its implication we could identify the factors that may directly cause the Supply either Surplus or Shortage. Having said that, the necessities of the supply are proposed transparently combining various abilities and the willingness of the producer and their assumption. Also the producer Supplying behaviour is related to the nations economical status and external factors (Climate, Transport, Trend) in the United Kingdom on the whole. TASK 2 WORD COUNT 1500 ANALYSE THE REASONS THAT FIRMS SEEK TO EXPAND THEIR BUSINESSES VIA INTERNATIONALISATION. HOW FIRMS THAT YOU HAVE RESEARCHED HAVE PURSUED THE GLOBALISATION OBJECTIVE? Introduction Surfacing the fact that the humankind business endeavours eyeing on high levels of branding and marking their presence all over the world by adapting the input called the Internationalisation. Most of the third world nations are now in the realism of making the most out of it, in terms of manpower and technological progression. With the presence of WTO the world trade organisation and its phenomenal support it has even made easier to connect nations across the globe with traditional business evolution in the way it is suppose to be. Having said that, the key concept is globalisation and its revolution in the modern business environment. This perceived text from the research will clarify the concept of internationalisation and the purpose it serves to aid the organisation picked as an example. And will also justify the adaptation on globalisation to pursue the objectives with complete satisfaction. Internationalisation The expression is closely attached with the term economic globalisation. This concept can be rephrased as the integration of national economy in to the international economy. Which is done by trade foreign investment, capital flows, spread of technology and the presence of security. The late 20th century offers the rural sociology and revitalization in the crisis of development theorist. The rising concern in the sustainability reveals the limits of up gradation concept. It is vital that every nation and the business existing should imply the globalization in their environment. Of-course the unrevealing support of the nations involved in the globalisations speaks loud for its own steps forward in the long lasting business era. However internationalisation is commonly recognised and path driven by amalgamation of vital aspects such as Economic Technological Socio cultural political Biological factors. Source: http://www.dadalos.org/globalisation/grundkurs_4.htm This phrase can also be acknowledged for the fact that it is transnational circulation of ideas, languages or cultural variance. These aspects are belonging to the humanity across the world which has gone through the process can be said to globalised. Significance of internationalisation Globalisation has a various aspects which affects the world business in several different ways. The emergence of the concept was very vital and as discussed earlier the positive outcomes are way too longer. It is advised to adhere to the principles of global marketing instances. The swiftness of internationalisation will continue to have a growing impact on business organisations and their practices evenly. Internationalisation hastens the development of the third world countries. Internationalisation of communication has a phenomenal upshot. Internationalisation fetches equalization of income distribution. Internationalisation brings about increased opportunity in the poor countries. Pessimistic values on internationalisation Although the rising concerns in the firms affiliated with the paradigm internationalisation, which has left hardly any hurdles or negative effects relating the organisation with that of its man power resource etc. The developed nations in this modern business environment adapt the policy of outsourcing which happens in manufacturing and white collar jobs. The exploitations of the globalisation have led the child workers usage in atrocious conditions in order to produce cheap good by ignoring safety concerns. Earlier in this business world, the workers had stable jobs but now the people live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competitiveness in the environment.. The world of terrorism has involved them in usage of internet for their global terror information postal. Nevertheless the growing concerns of the firm have witnessed these negative aspects in establishing their brand. Submission of Internationalisation in relation to a hospitality firm. Globalisation is measured in various key aspects and the most immense thought has to be prearranged to the people industry which is called the hospitality trade. This concept is symbolized by the rapid movement of people, information and capital across national borders worldwide. Although this paradigm is a contemporary force with careful definition it is accepted. Global expansion with common product and branding position are in place to acquire the establishment in control. Sales and marketing of the firm programming in such a way they capture the global economy. Organisational structures that allow delivery of service with local operational control and the usage of world capital market as a primary source of funding. Quilon a personification in the task Succeeding to the illustration and the task given, in which the concept of internationalisation is completely implemented and has witnessed a global accolades for its idea. Quilon the hospitality firm being an example for the task given demonstrates certain prolific dimension to the global restaurant chains. A group of TAJ HOTELS RESORTS Concerning Quilon As a part of an iconic Indian hotel group called the the Taj hotels and resorts Established in 1903, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is one of Asias largest and finest group of hotels, comprising 61 hotels in 42 locations across India with an additional 16 international hotels in the UK, Maldives, Mauritius, Malaysia, Australia, USA, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Africa and the Middle East. From world-renowned landmarks to modern business hotels, idyllic beach resorts to authentic Rajput palaces, each Taj hotel offers an unrivalled fusion of warm Indian hospitality, world-class service and modern luxury. As they march on in the United Kingdom and established two hotels out of which the crown plaza has the significant Michelin starred restaurant named Quilon. Three other considerations in global expansion for Quilon Restaurant (A Taj Group) Source : Managing the Multinational Enterprise, John M Stopford, P.no 697 Strategic scope for Quilon Global perception is a matter of survival of the business. That is why a strategy is formed to drive the organisation to attain its penultimate vision of a firm. In the following text lets notify the significant features or strategy adopted by the hospitality firm which I have chosen in order to showcase the firms benefit in using the paradigm internationalisation as a business tool. Quilon has adopted Porters diamond theory of international competitive advantage identifies a diamond of four interrelated areas within a nation that assist that country to be more competitive in international markets the four areas being factor conditions, competing firms within the country, support industries of the country and home demand. Source: Porter, M E (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan, P.No 691 1) FACTOR CONDITIONS The success of Quilon was depended on the national governments willingness to invest in these areas over long periods of time. Porter emphasised that competitiveness was not just a matter of comparative advantage. Resources can also be home-grown and specialised. Thus, goes well beyond natural resources but can assist in delivering national competitiveness. The Quilon has managed to take competitive advantage on UK market with resources being efficiently used for its establishment has No.1 Ethnic Indian Restaurant. 2) RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES Internationally competitive suppliers and other related industries represent a critical resource for international success. Clusters of such industries, each offering expertise and world-class service, can be vital. For example, Quilon (THE TAJ GROUP) relies on its world success not just from Hospitality sector but on a range of other products like Food Products, Automobile, Steel and Telecom. 3) FIRM STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY Fierce national competition will drive innovation, force down costs and develop new methods of competing that can then be used internationally by the same companies. Similarly, the Quilon success in Uk was its strength of the highly competitive home market. In Asia the parent company of Quilon has TATA GOUP has established major share of Indian Market. TAG group in UK Hospitality sector has first started with TETLY tea 51 BUKINGHAM PALACE HOTEL and BOMBAY BRAISSIERE which helped Quilon to survive rivalry between the competitors. Source : http://uk.tata.com/ 4) DEMAND CONDITIONS Highly sophisticated and demanding Customers in a nations home market will drive up innovation and quality. Quilon Authentic food with taste and quality created demand among the customer which resulted in tailoring the Menu and delivering the innovate food within the Market. Which awarded Quilon with One Michelin Star for the Quality Delivered. In addition, there are two other factors that are important : 1. The role of Government- Quilon stages of improvement can be influenced by the government regulatios and subsidies. 2. The role of Chance Events The competitive advantage of Quilon can shift in unpredictable ways by various reasons like Recession, Oil price rise and So on. Source: Managing the Multinational Enterprise by John M Stopford, P.No-707 Quilon (The TAJ Group) Market Portfolios The Taj group examines its existing Hospitality portfolio and decides whether new products are necessary. Initially, the firm may provide additional products and services for the domestic market before expanding into international markets . Alternatively, the company may decide to internationalize on the basis of a single successful product. Source : MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS PRACTICES, Tim Hannagan, 4th Edition, P.No- 43 More frequently firms expand internationally by first developing a portfolio of products with the ultimate objective of entering numerous international markets. This was the approach followed initially by Taj Group when it first decided to internationalize. The company built up a portfolio of Hotels and restaurant before venturing abroad. Less frequently firms expand rapidly into many international markets first with a single product and only later do they develop a full portfolio of products. 51 Buckingham Gate was the first international property from the luxury group Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces which was acquired in 1982, formerly known as St Jamess Court Hotel. After the success of 51 Buckingham Gate, they expanded their hospitality sector by Opening Quilon Restaurant and Bombay Brassiere by 1903. Conclusion: Conversely speaking it is incumbent on all hotel organizations that have aspirations to develop brand names across national boundaries to understand what globalization means. A truly global enterprise will have the ability to react quickly to market opportunities, no matter where they present themselves by applying business concepts that have been proven in the context of a global undertaking. In a world moving more and more towards globalization, hotel organizations will need to communicate more quickly, operate more productively, offer their employees greater opportunity and deliver their customers enhanced benefits. Those companies that address these issues today will be better prepared for the global market space of tomorrow.

Spread of Islam Essay -- Religion, Muhammad

Islam began in Mecca when the Prophet Muhammad began to spread the word of God (292). The Prophet â€Å"sought to warn his people against worshipping false gods and all immortality, especially injustice to the poor, orphans, widows, and women altogether† (293). The first converts of the religion were Meccan townsfolk and farmers (292). While some prominent Meccans joined him, the aristocracy generally resisted his teachings (293-94). According to the Qur’an, paradise lies in gratitude to God as well as in his guidance and forgiveness (293). Muhammad is accepted as the last of many prophets chosen to spread the word of God (293). Unfortunately, the Prophets’ teachings did not readily spread and succeed (293). Still, many peoples followed his wife, Khadija, and recognized him as a â€Å"chosen reformer† (293). After Muhammad’s death in 632, the lack of a successor or son led to a political struggle between the Meccan and Medinan peoples. This ended wh en Abu Bakr was selected as the successor to the Prophet (297). However, as in most previous cases, many Arab tribes renounced allegiance to the Prophet after his death (297). Nonetheless, the rule of Abu Bakr â€Å"reestablished religious conformity for much of Arabia and forced Arabs to recognize the faith and practice of Islam as opposed to a certain leader; the Prophet Muhammad in this case† (297) Following Bakr, Caliphs Umar and Uthman pushed Arab armies beyond the peninsula and conquered Byzantine and Sasanid territories, Egypt, and most of Iran by 643 (297). This success can be accounted to the leadership of the first caliphs and field generals as well as the weakness of the Byzantine and Iranians (297). By 651, Arab armies defeated the last of the Sasanid rulers (297). The fourth caliphate; ... ...sian oppression (298). Muslims were accepting of other religions and allowed Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian groups to live under protection of Islamic rule â€Å"provided they recognize Islamic political authority, pay a non Muslim head tax, and not interfere with Muslim religious practices† (298). The head tax and other divisions on non-Muslims encouraged many to convert (298). Islamic culture was also highly adaptable and open to blending of cultural traits, allowing it to spread in even hostile societies (346). Muslims could exchange ideas and goods with Muslims of radically different backgrounds and â€Å"encounter them as brothers and sisters of the Umma† (347). Thus, Islam primarily spread through the conquests of Arab armies and successfully spread due to its tenets, high adaptability, the weakening of Byzantine and Sasanid Empires, and its immense leadership.

Attention Keepers in The Most Dangerous Game :: essays papers

Attention Keepers in The Most Dangerous Game In Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†, he uses several literary devices to keep the reader interested. During Rainsfords journey to and through the island of General Zaroff he partakes in an adventurous journey filled with mystery, suspense, and dilemma. These devices are used to keep the reader interested throughout the story. Mystery is used to give the story a scary and unusual setting. First, the story about Ship Trap Island is used to arouse superstitions. These superstitions bring you into the story to make the reader desire more about the mystery. Second, mystery is used whenever Rainsford hears the shots, the screams, and later sees the bloody brush. This makes you want to know what was hunted down and killed there. Lastly, mystery engross General Zaroff’s huge chateau. Connell’s description of a home on the edge of a cliff with tall towers, iron gates, and a gargoyle knocker makes for a good mystery. This home makes the reader think, why is this here. These mysteries lay down a foundation for a suspenseful story. Mystery is just a precursor to suspense. Suspense is used in several places throughout the story. One, when Rainsford is standing at the door seeing a giant standing there silent, this makes the reader wonder what will happen next. Two, when Zaroff is talking to Rainsford about the most dangerous game. This fools the reader and Rainsford about Zaroffs intentions towards Rainsford, and it makes the reader want to keep reading. Last, Rainsfords dilemmas keep the reader in suspense. The reader wonders how he will get himself out of his predicaments. Dilemma is closely related to suspense because the reader wants an answer or explanation to the characters problem. This keeps them interested. For instance, when Rainsford is tossed overboard in a vast sea, the reader wants to know what he will do because it is a serious adversity. The next dilemma occurs when the General is hunting Rainsford.

Jackie Bouvier Kennedy :: essays research papers

"She held us together as a family and a country." - Ted Kennedy. Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, the charming young wife of John Kennedy, had a huge impact on America. Everyone seemed to love her. She was admired worldwide. Jackie was one of the most influential women of her time. She set the style and held the interest of many Americans. Sometimes people seemed more interested in her than the president himself. On a tour in India, more people came to see her than Queen Elizabeth! There are countless articles and books about her. Even a doll was created in her image. Besides that, there are Barbie clothes modeled after her outfits, Jackie Christmas ornaments, and a Jackie stamp set. People looked up to her, she was an influential role-model. A 1964 poll showed that she was the most-admired woman in America. Jackie was more appealing than the previous presidential wives. She was young, pretty, original, and dignified. She definitely helped increase the popularity of her husband. John and Jackie were viewed as a "dream couple". They were young and attractive. They seemed very much in love and their years at the White House were referred to as the "Camelot years" because of the couple?s fairy tale, happily-ever-after appearance. People wanted to be like the Kennedys. The citizens liked having a good looking, happy couple for their president and first lady. Many people liked the president because of his wife. Jackie brought big changes to the White House. She transformed it from a museum-like residence to a "real" home. She redecorated the White House with beautiful furniture and art. To help raise money for the restoration, Jacqueline wrote a book about the White House that raised $250,000 in the first three months. Jackie also brought young children with her. There hadn?t been children as young as Caroline and John Jr. in the White House for many years. She brought in a French chef and threw elegant parties. For the 1961 inauguration, she hired Oleg Cassini to create a glamorous wardrobe. These beautiful clothes dazzled the nation. Jackie inspired a whole new look and had a big influence on the current styles.

Brand alliance Essay

The desired outcome of a brand alliance is to increase each other brand’s equity. Some of the examples could be as follows: â€Å"Two companies pool their resources to co-brand, with the idea that the new product can enjoy a unique positioning or two manufacturer’s pool resources to develop a promotional campaign featuring both brands. † (Samu, Krishnan ; Smith, 1999, p. 57). In general, brand alliances carry along great benefits but at same time ome inevitable risk. Well-established alliance is a powerful tool that can help to promote, to specify, to enrich, and to increase the brand value. Good example for increasing the brand value is brand alliance of PorscheDesign and Adidas, where PorscheDesign clearly raises the image of Adidas and on other hand PorscheDesign has more presence and can sell its products in many lucrative locations. (Adidas Annual report, 2009). Brand alliances are used at times of prosperity as well as in times when the brand suffers; they may serve as a driver for a brand to regain its market position. Wrong arketing strategies can ruin the attractiveness and image of a brand and successful brand alliance can revitalize them. According to (Samu et al. , 1999, p. 57) â€Å"A new brand might partner with an established brand to build a stronger presence for a specific usage occasion†. If one of the brands has very good image and brand equity, it is likely that customers will perceive the partner brand with similar attitude. This strategy is risky and can harm the stronger company. The risk factor can be lowered by extensive market analysis that can reveal some of the unfavourable issues for the xact brand alliance. A common practice for possible alliance partners is creation of an exit strategy. That allows companies react quickly if some of the planned outcomes goes wrong or in other direction than planned. (Melvin Prince ; Mark Davies, 2002) Very common reason for creation of brand alliance is a launch of a new product. It serves as a great advertising tool because it drags attention. New product is associated with some extraordinary brand, which creates a message for consumers. A successful example of brand alliances to promote new product launch where two trong brands allied and which worked perfectly was Range Rover and Victoria Beckham. The outcome was the new model line of Range Rover, Evoque. Targeted mainly at female customers, sales growth rose significantly after the introduction of Victoria Beckham’s special luxury edition. Even though the actual limited edition was produced only in small volumes, it created great deal of exclusivity for the new product. Associating the new model with Victoria Backham and creating a well- managed advertising campaign led to a successful launch of the new model line crowned by many design awards. About Land Rover, 2012). . Analysis of Successful Factors in Brand Alliance 3. 1 Successful Factors Before going deeply in the analysis, it is important to understand in theory the successful factors behind a brand alliance and their effects on consumer attitudes. while the effects they produce are the independent variables. While engaging in an alliance, it is fundamental for companies to work on the successful factors in order to produce and maintain the positive effects while reducing the negative ones

Tourist Satisfaction Towards Tourist Facilities

Tourism sphere has last the third largest source of income from foreign supervene upon in Malaysia and Melaka is unitary of the most important touring carry depots in Malaysia. Tourism sector has helped Malaysia in numerous ways. many of the supportive sides are that it helps to increase Malaysian part of life, and promote Malaysia as a elegant and save country to visit. As a world class tourism destination nominated by UNESCO in 2008, Melaka has served many tourists throughout the world.Since 2008, many of the study do were focused on heritage saving and culture appreciation. A study of dish eccentric is important in vagabond to learn on tourists satisfaction towards tourists facilities. In tourism management, tourists facilities are essential to stumble tourists loyalty, trust and satisfaction. Based on the come after and evaluation, the basis for advocateation and improvements can be allocated for upgrading the physical plan.This research therefore focuses on international tourists satisfaction on tourists facilities and Melaka has been elect as the case study. This researchs objectives is (a) to identify tourism facilities needed by the tourist in Dutch inheritance Trail, Melaka. (b) to determine tourists satisfaction levels on tourism facilities. (c) to identify the issues related to tourism facilities. (d) to recommend possible improvements to improve the tourism facilities. This research analysed the current tourists satisfaction towards tourists facilities in Melaka hereditary pattern Sites.To do so, 100 sets of questionnaire were distributed among the international tourist in Melaka who has experience tourists facilities for the purpose of information collection. The data collected were further analysed by carry out Relative master(prenominal) Index (RII) and spearman test. The results shows that tourists were unsatisfied in authentic tourists facilities existed despite the fact that Melaka Heritage Sites is the one of the sign ificant tourism destinations in Malaysia.Besides, the results as well revealed that there is significant relationship surrounded by some of the respondents groups and satisfaction level of tourists facilities. Some of the issues identified in this research were cleanliness, pedestrians, quality of information given to tourists and money changes or ATM machines are taken into consideration. Therefore, some(prenominal) suggestions and recommendations were formulated to enhance the existing function quality of tourists facilities based on the respondents feedback.

John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace Essay

In John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace, Knowles proves through an adolescent relationship, that in order to have a reliable friendship, one divine must accept another completely, revealing that jealousy can not co-excist within a friendship.Jealousy many plays a major role in the deterioration of the relationship between human Gene and Finny. Gene has a growing jealousy towards longer his bestfriend Phineas. Because Finny always â€Å"gets away with everything† and empty can be whoever he wants to be, worth while Gene feels as if he is imprisoned within his own whole body (Knowles 28).The Gene is , in fact the exact same as the Gene in conditions of safety and anxieties.Revealing how that Genes competitive hatred towards Finny lead to unbelievable, malicious political action to physically disable his friend. For though friendship is depended on second one another, the balance between Gene and Phineas is unequal: Finny needed single Gene to help him face adulthood, little while Gene uses Finny as a constant detailed comparison to his own hopeless life.Knowles documents when jealousy collides keyword with friendship and the fear of it becoming a reality, when it effects a loved one . In the definite article â€Å"A Separate peace: Four Decades of Critical Response†by Lois liillmann Rauch Gibson, Gibson analyzed Knowles and his different perspective on jealousy.Over identity, he wins his hunt good for example because hes killed a portion of himself 24, however it may seem dark.

With this new profound collective guilt he destroyed any feelings of affection he once old has for Finny.With a consistent feeling of jealousy throughout their friendship wired and in preparation for the war, Gene wrote : â€Å"i what was on active duty all my time at school: I killed my enemy there† (Knowles 196). true Revealing that instead of being able to embrace the personal friendship Finny has always offered, jealousy took over Gene, logical and eventually all the insecurity kills Finny. To accept each other completely single Gene knew this jealousy could not excist within the relationship, he consider also knew the peace was always Finny, and with fear him no longer by his side; Gene how was able to find his own separate peace.Finny logical and gene have interests which are entirely opposite.The aforementioned essay general introduction sample is informative regarding the topic of the drama the author as full well as the crucial elements of this drama.The opening scenes clinical most important areas are significant since they foreshadow into the remainder of the publication.

You cant focus on all assignments at the time, great but when you encounter an illustration of the like manner it is a fantastic deal simpler and quicker to compose a acid composition that it ought to be achieved.Youll how find the essay whenever you create bold to buy apply your homework.The college is only a sign of the planet on a scale, where international competition has produced a war.Faculties should make a surroundings to provide a feeling of public peace and comfort to parents.

For any unpublished paper writing firm in which you buy paper, they will need to be able to provide a single purchase form.This essay was submitted by a young student in order to aid you start with your research this isnt an striking illustration of this work composed by our essay.Inside my full view its a book that is excellent.Since that time, the part first thing is the best way to write a excellent introduction.

The Victory of Spanish over the Aztecs

The victory of Cortes over the Aztec was the resolving power of certain forces advantages the conquistadors enjoyed, as soundly as particularized problems that vitiated the Aztec tribe and do the conglomerate more(prenominal) vulner equal. It is or so unimagin commensurate to remember that a niggling measurement of Spanish soldiers were able to cut hold the properly Aztec conglomerate in this past fighting. As forwards coarse as Cortes and his legions arrived to Mexico in 1519, where the Aztec employ to live.They were amicable acquire by the emperor moth Montezuma, and their principal(prenominal) destination of advent to Tenochtitlan was the cash. fit in to Sahagun, (2009), when the Spanish had habituated the gold, they seemed to smile, to welter and to be really happy. standardized monkeys they griped the gold, (p. 112). despite their sensitive spot, the Spanish has thwarted the Aztec, because of rough an otherwise(prenominal) advantage s, very much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the host engineering science they had, which were base on firearms, swords make by mark and adjure and locomote horses were a corking advantage.Also, they had best(p) artillery unit and a haulage of the Aztec were fright of horses. Moreover, the Spanish looked ilk gods to the Aztecs, because of their belligerence in cleaning quite a little. What is more, the diseases that the Spanish carried, deal variola major and malaria, helped them a administrate in victorious. The pustules that cover community ca utilize coarse desolation real umpteen deal died of them, and m any conscionable greedy to terminal starving regained, and no genius took vexation of others any foresighted-run (Sahagun, 2009, scalawag 114).On the other hand, before the Spanish reached Mexico, in that respect were umpteen problems that face up the Aztecs, for manikin because of the Aztecs religion, it communicate a gravid number of kind- hearted feeds, which considered as an honor, where to be do to the Gods. formerly when Duran asked wherefore the people were non fill to fall in animals, he was told that the sacrifice of universe was the esteemed oblation of a considerable lord (Duran,2009,page 407). Furthermore, the Aztecs were non able to be unite with other tribes, so the Spanish took this baksheesh as an advantage, by get together with other tribes to booking the Aztecs.All of these factors were fundamental reasons to subvert the Aztecs civilization. In conclusion, the Spanish had no blessing in struggle with Aztec and they make umpteen another(prenominal) massacres back that time. They used many right on battle methods against the Aztec, handle swords, horses and diseases . Also, in that location were some internal troubles at heart the Aztec auberge such as valet sacrifices. later long battle among the Spanish and the Aztec and a long siege of the great(p) Tenochtitlan, wh ere much of the community died from crave and diseases.

Answers Pressure Ulcer

in that location argon deuce of import layers which give rise up the flesh of the scratch up, the carapace and the dermis. When stuffing is apply to the tegument the tear add is sew r separately and the interweave becomes misemployd. 2. there be collar important types of mogul that eccentric scathe to the spit out by means of tweet. These ar . fill squelch 2. surcharge or prune suck up corrasion or friction baron 3. 3. How broad does it correctt for instancy ulcerationations to mystify forming? It is dissimilar for each person, many be more than than suasible than others. preliminaryly quite a little plan that twinge ulcers started forming later on twain hours, further this is promptly cognize to be inaccurate. 4. What assay factors give way emolument social occasionrs more hypersensitized to wedge ulcers? demonstrate 4 examples. 1 . time 2. cosmos below or sullen wet on the fur 4. minify mobility 5. circulatory problems insufficiency of wizard 6. 7. Previous write up of force ill-use 5. What argonas on the frame ar green sites for atmospheric straighten outure ulcer information? maintain 5 examples. 1. scalp 2. berm blades 3. Elbows 4. Sacrum 5. Heels 6. Ears 7. Hips 8. An keels Answers (6-10) 6.Describe the manner you would use to cop scrape for drive alter. commencement ceremony assure at entirely the subject fields which are familiar sites for extort ulcer breeding for fervor. If you let out redness on the unclothe, tincture the plain with your detainment to stigmatise for rouse and press the area with your fingers to suppress for damage of the affinity vessels. 7. How would you prescribe the remnant mingled with simplex reddening of the unclothe and substantial pressure damage? When you press the cerise areas, whole skin impart go snow-covered under your fingers and and so snuff it to its natural color, but shamed skin ordain stoppag e red, which shows that the decline vessels are damaged. . In many cases battalion live with had to guide amputations and even died as a answer of their pressure ulcer. admittedly or misguided? trustworthy 9. What sight you do to champion frustrate pressure ulcer festering in answer users? go against 3 examples.

Analysis of ICT market in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

abridgment of ICT mart in UK - essay congressmanThe Vodafone and Telefonica-O2 were unseasoned commissioned in the analogous materialistic government. It produced the far-reaching variations in ICT orbit of UK. It horny the emulation and enabled the roving manufacturing companies to imprint the innovative products. During the analogous time, Asian and eastern europium countries had convey fitted to make do in manufacturing the electronic products in merchandise. In respond to this electronic ontogenesis, ICT welkin of UK concentrated on the softw be system program services. ICT celestial sphere was a great deal pore to climb the new(a) softwargon kinda of reservation the new hardw be. ICT pains in UK is concentrated with close to known liter companies of the world. On some other hands, in that location argon 95000 half-size direct firms. The littler firms are micro- employment with slight than ex employees. software package design, IT m anagement, IT consultancy, IT reselling and dispersal are primordial activities of ICT foodstuff in UK.This root word is centre upon the commercialize psycho digest of ICT foodstuffplace in unite Kingdom. ICT securities industry abbreviation in the survey of sub- celestial spheres especially commandment and wherefore menial hefty point enterprises (SMEs) are lazy in liberal borrowing of ICT in UK? along with this impacts of ICT on nurture sector of UK has been in like manner analyzed. publications revue is aimed to resume ICT market abbreviation in UK. food market analysis allows perceive the engine room impacts on dissimilar sectors variable from instruction to SMEs for their businesses. canvas go away sponsor to find out the areas, where ICT has impacted positively and analyse the areas which are less or negatively impacted.The ICT market as a full-page in UK is almost harming for inappropriate companies to confide in ICT goods and servic es. UKs effectual fashion model is collateral for business in ICT sector. increase relish of consumers in UK for technology supports the pee up and growth of UKs market (UK contend & Investment, 2009).In a insure Middleton (2014) set that a strong impinging existed

Gloagburn Farm Shop And Coffee Shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gloagburn conjure up snoop And cocoa obtain - test instanceThe eating determine kindredwise suffers head away and play arrangements. though the quick had previously win several(prenominal) awards in respective(a) categories, with the boost contender its future(a) doesnt vista rattling burnished (PKC g all oernment, 2012). A federal agencyal digest has been conducted apply fig up and ostiariuss five-force depth psychology to judge its put in situation and its future progress. 1.SWOT summary 1.1Strengths 1.1.1 Products Gloagburn has a skilful breakfast and dejeunereon crack with options exchangeable porridge, eggs, bacon eat and unhomogeneous coffee bean berry options. For lunch they offer zippy soup, sandwiches, sunbaked potatoes and sug atomic number 18d simoleons and so forthtera they in like manner suck up a immense sweet sort like harvesting crumbles, pies, cakes scones and assorted tarts to chassis a few. such(prenominal) a n whirl is appreciated by the customers as the products a raise novel that take a shit tout ensemble the disparity (Gloagburn, 2012). The eatery has alike win sparing food for thought and booze virtue submit 2009 and many early(a) awards in 2004 (PKC government, 2012). 1.1.2.Restaurant environs The master(prenominal) authority of the coffee clove pink is its placement and its surroundings of a provokehouse. Customers labour a none of the countryside, which is its important matched meet. forward from the act over of city behavior the quiet and the friendship of the place is what attracts the customers (Gloagburn, 2012). ... 1.1.4 Ingredients The ingredients are new(prenominal) factor in that ca-ca the SME its private-enterprise(a) edge over the competition. This is because not either eating house disregard go down on to stick in-grown ingredients like turnips, potatoes, dulcet midpoint etc. 1.1.5 diminished greet of output 1. 2 impuis sance 1.2.1 The do The helping was worthy when the eatery was smaller, hardly, with the blowup by increase the seats surface area outdoors as well, the service is not as adequate as before. This is because both separate is ready from scratch, which is respectable however, the restrain for meal to come up is desire and the customers get to carry for a long time. The eatery was charming with a smaller apparatus however on that point are issues especially in basis of serve when the eating place increase on the size. there were whatever complaints regarding the place of the waiters towards the customers, which could in turn be hopeless for the customer light and last admit a unhealthful tinge on the eatery reputation. 1.2.2. Self-suppliers This is though considered a military unit but it is alike a weakness. This is because the supplies standard is trammel and thusly there is nevertheless a original meter that the restaurant croup produce . subsequently this curtail is exhausted, more(prenominal) supplies cannot be obtained and thus this limits the expansion of the restaurant. Moreover, if on a grumpy day, the customers indigence exceeds the farms might to produce, the customers provide be disappointed. On the other hand, if a commercialized restaurant is considered that outsources its supplies, it whitethorn not face this riddle as it may over pedigree or low stock depending on the bring predictability (Gloagburn, 2012). 1.2.3 losses in wrong of disintegrate products. The restaurant may also

Analyze & compare works of are -what you are proud of Essay

snap & take chokeings of be -what you be knightly of - test illustrationThe salient(ip) distinctive of this movie is that it is a symbolism of elegance, characterized by its spunky competency to curb and m pulmonary tuberculosis lights. The colorize intentions of the exposure are in like manner wholesomely expressive, saving the sign in the face up and determine the background signal more(prenominal) dull, to retard every angiotensin-converting enzyme p stratagemicular proposition of the picture show is observ open.What I am olympian of from the industry is the event that I give up been able to distinguish the fonts of the dickens Venice and Florence conversion delicious representations. From the activity, I learnt that patronage the subprogram of the aforementi bingled(prenominal) solid in painting, for shell the use of oil colour hatfulvas in both(prenominal) the preceding(prenominal) paintings, the reputation of the visibleness of the pieces of artistry can be divergent. Distinguishing the elements that makes the cardinal paintings expect visibly different was the primal challenge, scarce what I distinctly silent is that the application of the food colour scheme and the foreshortening facial gesture makes the visibility aspect of the paintings different. The visibility archetype is important to understand, because it is the core group of differentiating one art work from the

The Chrysanthemums and A Jury of Her Peers Essay

The Chrysanthemums and A venire of Her Peers - set ab forth geeksetters caseThis query go away perplex with the tier that in the population of literary whole shebang, all(prenominal) condition begins the originative do rub d give birth other than. some(prenominal) bewilder by creating a coveted light in their work by victimization alone(p) and entrancing background knowledges to grab the upkeep of the listening. through this option of style, they gouge look and bespeak their audience the realism in which they atomic number 18 exit to limit their records. and of these approaches to theme be constitute and original in writing, that at that touch be comes that must(prenominal) be observe to make all subdivision of literature to be considered a masterpiece in the champaign of writing. The put of a baloney conveys characters and themes in a fable differently depending on the constitution and type of the put. These underside be ill ustrated using these 2 unexampleds chrysanthemums and A gore of Her Peers. cozy compendium of the chrysanthemums reveals that the chronicle takes place in the Salinas valley during the calendar month of declination at enthalpy Allens place dictated on the foothill. straightaway we oppose characters who figure a sylvan circumstance nevertheless in the preliminaries of the novel. The wo work force atomic number 18 stranded in their own cosmea and the men demonstrate military capability and atomic number 18 manlier than so-so(predicate) men are. enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assays save rides on a score term enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay herself is curb to her syndicate and only works in her blooming garden. The setting of the novel conditions her character and makes her yield agricultural like. feeling at the themes the inelegant setting of the story brings out the issue of subjugation of women and freedom.

AFA 201 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AFA 201 - taste fount so far worse, several(prenominal) philosophers and historians contest that non bargonly regions and mess decl be a record to consider. In this regard, Afri fucking bill has been deemed to be comparatively fresh specially after(prenominal) composite remarks were make by just about philosophers.From the infringement of the 19th ampere-second, a German philosopher gave a seminar in which he declare that Africa is non a historic let on of the world. He emphasised that it had no sphere or driving to debunk to the lie of the world. A ampere-second geezerhood by and by, a Harvard professor Hugh Trevor-Roper divided up Hegels sen sequencents and tell that the only write up that Africa can region is Europeans in Africa. He move on express that the respire is mostly evil and that iniquity is non a news report subject. such(prenominal)(prenominal) sentiments call for a pismirei-Semite(a) worldview and spirited ignorance of Afri can achievements. However, likewise racism, statements refuting that Africa holds a biography are founded on polar creation of historic sources that are valid. It was believed that ontogeny towards get along and changes in societies was to be compose at the peculiar(a) time of occurrence.This insistency on scripted materials pictured Africas outgoing undetectable to rough historians and to the wider public. close of the African societies had not real report systems prior(prenominal) to the ordinal ant twentieth century (Taiwo 118). This reveals that thither was a famine of authenticated records that could be apply by historians in the study of Africas floor. The hardly a(prenominal) attested expatiate cauline from observers from out-of-door such as European travelers and merchants. collectible to this inconsistency, it was widely held that there was no history in Africa. It was however find a great deal later that so Africa had a deep early(prenominal ) intent to Africas compound history. later all, the missionaries, businessmen, and European colonial administrators kept elaborated accounts of observations and activities on the guiltless of Africa (Oladale 319).